Translation of "certatus" into English

Ne Macedonum quidem ac Persarum aut ullius gentis, quae certo imperio contenta fuerit, eloquentiam novimus.

Nor do we know of the existence of eloquence among the Macedonians or Persians, or in any people content with a settled government.

his vocibus instinctos exercitus propriae quoque causae stimulabant, cum a Cheruscis Langobardisque pro antiquo decore aut recenti libertate et contra augendae dominationi certaretur.

The Cherusci and Langobardi were fighting for ancient renown or newly-won freedom; the other side for the increase of their dominion.

Agitur enim de spe actuosa, in qua certamus, ne res ad « perversum exitum » dirigantur.

It is an active hope, in which we struggle to prevent things moving towards the “perverse end”.